An Estimate of the Number of Histocompatibility Loci in the Teleost Xiphophorus Maculatus.
نویسنده
چکیده
vigorous immune response against tissue homografts is characteristic of A nearly all postembryonic vertebrates. The homograft reaction has been demonstrated in all species of teleosts tested (KALLMAN 1964; HILDEMANN and HAAS 1960), and in many amphibians (HILDEMANN and HAAS 1959; VOGEL 1940; HOROWITZ 1937), in at least one reptile (MAY 1923), several birds (HEALEY, RUSSEL, POOLE and OLSEN 1962; LAZZARINI 1960; CANNON, TERASAKI and LONGMIRE 1958) and in a wide variety of mammals (BILLINGHAM and SILVERS 1963; MEDAWAR 1959; SNELL 1957). Very few exceptions to this immune response have been reported. A slow chronic homograft reaction has been observed in several species of urodeles (SQUADRONI and WOLSKY 1962; PIZARELLO and WOLSKY 1960; TEMME 1957). AMBROSIUS (1962) found that in urodeles heterografts of ovary and testis are often permanently accepted. PAPERMASTER, CONDIE and GOOD (1962) have briefly described the prolonged survival of skin homografts in the California hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii. Nothing is known about the origin and the evolutionary significance of the immune response, which appears to be absent from invertebrates. The homograft reaction has so far not been investigated in other chordate groups, but the observations of OKA and WATANABE (1957) that in Ascidians the ability of colonies to fuse with each other is under genetic control, may have some bearing on this problem . In most vertebrates, homograf ts exchanged among members of random bred strains or among members of large, freely interbreeding populations, disintegrate within a short time, often within a period of one or two weeks. This reaction has been attributed to tissue antigens, the presence of which is under genetic control ( SNELL 1957). Genetic laws of transplantation have been formulated, based largely upon experiments with inbred stocks of mice. They state that grafts survive only if all or almost all of the donor's histocompatibility genes are also present in the host. The failure of any homografts exchanged among members of large populations to survive has led to the tacit, perhaps unwarranted assumption that many genes are involved in the homograft immunity of most vertebrates, Since each gene may exist in several allelic states, the chance that two individuals selected at
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Identification and mapping of two divergent, unlinked major histocompatibility complex class II B genes in Xiphophorus fishes.
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عنوان ژورنال:
- Genetics
دوره 50 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1964